Researchers map emperor penguin habitats under climate extremes

Researchers have used satellite data and guano (penguin droppings) indices to track emperor penguin breeding habitats from 2013 to 2023. They found that for every 1°C rise in temperature, penguins move their breeding sites about 73 meters, and an extra 1 cm of snowfall pushes them another 66 meters.

The study shows emperor penguins are relocating more often due to climate change. Since they cannot fly or build nests, they rely on stable sea ice to breed. In areas protected by islands, ice cliffs or icebergs, colonies remain stable and can reuse breeding sites for years. But in exposed areas, sea ice breaks more easily, forcing frequent moves.

The researchers also found that extreme events like heat, blizzards, storms and low sea ice cause more fragmented habitats. The findings highlight how climate change and environmental conditions directly affect penguin survival and the Antarctic ecosystem.

Credit : CGTN